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NFPA 10 Fire Extinguishers — Student Guide (with Verbatim Checklist)
Interactive learning aids + the full Annex I Table I.1(a) text intact. Coach notes are optional; the checklist is authoritative.
1) Quick workflow
- Identify hazard: Light / Ordinary / Extra.Hazard groupsLight = low fuel load; Ordinary = moderate fuels; Extra = high fuels/rapid growth.
- Choose Class A rating (2-A, 4-A, 10-A…).Class A ratings“A” = ordinary combustibles; the number scales the tested fire size & capability.
- Find coverage per unit (Table E.3.5).
- Count units = area ÷ coverage (round up) or use the helper.
- Pick agent & shell; then apply service intervals.
- Inspect mechanics with the verbatim checklist.
2) Mini glossary
Travel distanceTravel distanceWalking distance to reach an extinguisher. Placement rules cap this. • Hydrostatic testHydrostatic testPressure test of the cylinder to verify structural integrity after years of service. • Cartridge-operatedCartridge-operatedUses a separate gas cartridge; requires annual internal exam. • AFFF / FFFPAFFF / FFFPFoam agents for flammable liquids; liquid charge type: replace agent every 3 years; teardown typically done then.
3) Coverage — maximum area per extinguisher Table E.3.5
Class A rating (label) | Light-Hazard (ft² / m²) |
Ordinary-Hazard (ft² / m²) |
Extra-Hazard (ft² / m²) |
---|---|---|---|
1-A | 6,000 (557) | 3,000 (279) | — |
2-A | 9,000 (836) | 4,500 (418) | — |
4-A | 11,250 (1,045) | 6,000 (557) | 4,000 (372) |
6-A | 11,250 (1,045) | 9,000 (836) | 6,000 (557) |
10-A | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) | 10,000 (929) |
20-A | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) |
30-A | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) |
40-A | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) | 11,250 (1,045) |
4) Quantity — helper (with “show steps”)
This mirrors Table E.3.6 by computing ceil(Area ÷ Coverage).
Common slips
- Picking a rating with no coverage for your hazard (e.g., 2-A for Extra-Hazard).
- Forgetting to round up when the division isn’t whole.
- Stopping after the count—remember travel distance, placement, and mounting heights.
5) Maintenance & hydrostatic testing — merged snapshot
Extinguisher type | Internal exam (years) |
Hydro test (years) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Stored-pressure water | 5 | 5 | |
Water mist / loaded stream / antifreeze | 1–5 | 5 | Loaded stream & antifreeze often treated at 1-yr internal; confirm with your edition/AHJ. |
Wetting agent | 1 | 5 | |
AFFF | 3 | 5 | Liquid-charge: replace agent every 3 yrs; teardown then. |
FFFP | 3 | 5 | As above. |
Dry chemical — stored-pressure (mild steel / brass / aluminum) | 6 | 12 | Nonrechargeable: remove at 12 yrs (no 6-yr internal). |
Dry chemical — stored-pressure (stainless) | 5 | 5 | |
Dry chemical — cartridge/cylinder-operated | 1* | 12 | Annual internal. |
Dry powder — stored-pressure | 6 | 12 | |
Dry powder — cartridge/cylinder-operated | 1* | 12 | Annual internal. |
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) | 5 | 5 | |
Wet chemical | 5 | 5 | |
Halogenated agents | 6 | 12 | Nonrechargeable: remove at 12 yrs; return agent for reclaim. |
Pump-tank water / pump-tank (calcium chloride) | 1 | — | Follow manufacturer/AHJ for hydro interval. |
* Cartridge/cylinder-operated dry chemical & dry powder: internal exam annually.
6) Mechanical parts maintenance checklist — verbatim (Annex I, Table I.1(a))
Authoritative text (no edits)
Cylinder/Shell — Corrective Action
- Hydrostatic test date or date of manufacture — Retest, if needed
- Corrosion — Conduct hydrostatic test and refinish, or condemn
- Mechanical damage (denting or abrasion) — Conduct hydrostatic test and refinish, or condemn
- Paint condition — Refinish
- Presence of repairs (welding, soldering, brazing, etc.) — Condemn
- Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Condemn
- Broken hanger attachment, carrying handle lug — Condemn
- Sealing surface damage (nicks or corrosion) — Condemn
Nameplate — Corrective Action
- Illegible wording — Clean or replace (Note: Only labels without a listing mark can be replaced.)
- Corrosion or loose plate — Inspect shell under plate and reattach plate
Nozzle or Horn — Corrective Action
- Deformed, damaged, or cracked — Replace
- Blocked openings — Clean
- Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Replace
- Aged (brittle) — Replace
Hose Assembly — Corrective Action
- Damaged (cut, cracked, or worn) — Replace
- Damaged couplings or swivel joint (cracked or corroded) — Replace
- Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Replace
- Inner tube cut at couplings — Replace or consult manufacturer
- Electrically nonconductive between couplings (CO₂ hose only) — Replace
- Hose obstruction — Remove obstruction or replace
- Hydrostatic test date — Retest if needed
Pull/Ring Pin — Corrective Action
- Damaged (bent, corroded, or binding) — Replace
- Missing — Replace
Gauge or Pressure-Indicating Device — Corrective Action
- Immovable, jammed, or missing pointer (pressure test) — Depressurize and replace gauge
- Missing, deformed, or broken crystal — Depressurize and replace gauge
- Illegible or faded dial — Depressurize and replace gauge
- Corrosion — Depressurize and check calibration, clean and refinish, or replace gauge
- Dented case or crystal retainer — Depressurize and check calibration, or replace gauge
- Immovable or corroded pressure-indicating stem (nongauge type) — Depressurize and discard shell
- Verify gauge compatibility — Depressurize and replace
Shell or Cylinder Valve — Corrective Action
- Corroded, damaged, or jammed lever, handle, spring, stem, or fastener joint — Depressurize, check freedom of movement, and repair or replace
- Damaged outlet threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Depressurize and replace
Nozzle Shutoff Valve — Corrective Action
- Corroded, damaged, jammed, or binding lever, spring, stem, or fastener joint — Repair and lubricate, or replace
- Plugged, deformed, or corroded nozzle tip or discharge passage — Clean or replace
Puncture Mechanism — Corrective Action
- Damaged, jammed, or binding puncture lever, stem, or fastener joint — Replace
- Dull or damaged cutting or puncture pin — Replace
Expellant/Gas Cartridge — Corrective Action
- Corrosion — Replace with correct expellant gas cartridge
- Damaged seal disc (injured, cut, or corroded) — Replace with correct expellant gas cartridge
- Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Replace with correct expellant gas cartridge
- Illegible weight markings — Replace with correct expellant gas cartridge
- Improper gas cartridge — Replace with correct expellant gas cartridge
- Improper cartridge seal — Replace with correct expellant gas cartridge
Gas Cylinders — Corrective Action
- Hydrostatic test date or date of manufacture — Retest if needed
- Corrosion — Conduct hydrostatic test and refinish, or discard
- Paint condition — Refinish
- Presence of repairs (welding, soldering, brazing, etc.) — Condemn
- Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Condemn
Fill Cap — Corrective Action
- Corroded, cracked, or broken — Replace
- Damaged threads (corroded, crossthreaded, or worn) — Replace
- Sealing surface damage (nicked, deformed, or corroded) — Clean, repair, and leak test, or replace
- Obstructed vent hole or slot — Clean
Nonrechargeable Shell/Cylinder — Corrective Action
- Corrosion — Depressurize and discard
- Damaged seal disc (injured, cut, or corroded) — Depressurize and discard
- Illegible weight or date markings — Depressurize and discard
Carriage and Wheels — Corrective Action
- Corroded, bent, or broken carriage — Repair or replace
- Damaged wheel (buckled or broken spoke, bent rim or axle, loose tire, low pressure, jammed bearing) — Clean, repair, and lubricate, or replace
Carrying Handle — Corrective Action
- Broken handle — Condemn cylinder or consult manufacturer regarding repair
- Broken handle — Replace
- Corroded, jammed, or worn fastener — Clean or replace
Tamper Seals or Indicators — Corrective Action
- Broken or missing — Check Table I.1(b) for specific action
- Fill cap indicator corroded or inoperative — Repair, clean, or replace
- Fill cap indicator operated — Depressurize unit, check content, refill
Hand Pump — Corrective Action
- Corroded, jammed, or damaged pump — Repair and lubricate, or replace
- Improper adjustment of packing nut — Adjust
Pressurizing Valve — Corrective Action
- Leaking seals — Depressurize and replace valve or core
Gasket and “O” Ring Seals — Corrective Action
- Damaged (cut, cracked, or worn) — Replace and lubricate
- Missing — Replace and lubricate
- Aged or weathered (compression set, brittle, cracked) — Replace and lubricate
Brackets and Hangers — Corrective Action
- Corroded, worn, or bent — Repair and refinish, or replace
- Loose or binding fit — Adjust fit or replace
- Worn, loose, corroded, or missing screw or bolt — Tighten or replace
- Worn bushing, webbing, or grommet — Replace
- Improper type — Replace
Gas Tube and Siphon or Pickup Tube — Corrective Action
- Corroded, dented, cracked, or broken — Replace
- Blocked tube or openings in tube — Clean or replace
Safety Relief Device — Corrective Action
- Corroded or damaged — Depressurize and replace
- Broken, operated, or plugged — Depressurize and replace
Pressure Regulators — Corrective Action
- External condition: damaged or corroded — If damaged, replace regulator; if corroded, clean regulator or replace
- Pressure relief (corroded, plugged, dented, leaking, broken, or missing) — Disconnect regulator from pressure source, replace pressure relief, or replace regulator
- Protective bonnet relief hole (tape missing or seal wire broken or missing) — Replace regulator
- Adjusting screw (lock pin missing) — Replace regulator
Coach Notes — Student summary (non-normative)
This is a learning aid. The authoritative text above governs.
- Any welded/brazed cylinder repair or damaged threads/lugs → Condemn.
- Cartridge-operated units: verify cartridges; replace if any doubt.
- Gauges with jammed pointers/broken crystal/illegible dials → Depressurize & replace.
- Regulators with missing seal wire or lock pin → Replace regulator.
7) Worked scenarios
Office floor (Light-Hazard), 90,000 ft², 2-A water
- Coverage: 2-A Light → 6,000 ft²/unit.
- Math: 90,000 ÷ 6,000 = 15 → 15 units.
- Intervals: Stored-pressure water → internal 5 yrs, hydro 5 yrs.
Manufacturing bay (Extra-Hazard), 100,000 ft², 4-A ABC dry chem
- Coverage: 4-A Extra → 4,000 ft²/unit.
- Math: 100,000 ÷ 4,000 = 25 → 25 units.
- Intervals: DC stored-pressure → internal 6 yrs, hydro 12 yrs (nonrechargeable: remove at 12 yrs).
8) Notes & memory aids
- Round up unit counts; then confirm travel distance & mounting.
- Annual internal for cartridge/cylinder-operated DC/DP.
- Foam at 3 years (liquid-charge AFFF/FFFP): replace agent; do internal then.
- Log hydro dates, internal exams, agent replacements, and all corrective actions.